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SpaceX Crew Dragon rocket moving four astronauts launches from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida

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A SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft — conveying four space travelers from three countries — took off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida Friday morning, beginning their six-month stay in space.

NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Megan McArthur will be joined by French space traveler Thomas Pesquet of the European Space Agency, and Akihiko Hoshide from Japan. They’re expected to go through a half year on board the International Space Station after their Crew Dragon case docks early Saturday morning.

The Crew Dragon capsule, named “Endeavour,” recently conveyed NASA’s Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley to the space station in May 2020. Attempt took off into space on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket that was likewise singed with ash from a past mission it flew in November 2020. SpaceX has since quite a while ago made reusability a cornerstone of its business plan, trusting that recovering and refurbishing hardware will drive down the expense of spaceflight. In spite of the fact that the organization has re-flown boosters and spacecraft dozens of times on satellite and cargo launches in the course of recent years, this will stamp the first run through the organization will reuse hardware for a crewed mission.

After enjoying time at the beach shore Thursday and getting some sleep, the team was at Florida’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) to get ready soon after 12 PM. They at that point delighted in handpicked playlists — one of which included tunes by Ozzy Osbourne, Foo Fighters and Metallica — inside the Teslas that drove them to the platform before they were rushed up the dispatch tower, and got to the spacecraft by means of aerial walkway.

The astronauts went through hours being tied into the container by a group of SpaceX helpers, and going through a series of communications and safety checks. The group momentarily kept themselves engaged during the checks by playing rounds of rock-paper-scissors, an odd practice that all space explorers that jump start out of KSC see before flight.

At that point, not long before 6 am ET, the Falcon 9 rocket fired to life and pushed the space apparatus to in excess of 17,000 miles each prior hour isolating from the Crew Dragon spacecraft.

SpaceX likewise landed the first-stage rocket booster on a seafaring platform so it very well may be utilized once more on a later mission.

The Crew Dragon, then, is currently hurtling through space. It’ll remain freeflying through circle as it continuously moves nearer to the ISS, which circles around 250 miles over the ground. It’s scheduled to dock with the ISS around 5 am ET Saturday.

Kimbrough, McArthur, Pesquet, and Hoshide will join seven astronauts already on board the station, four of whom showed up on a SpaceX Crew Dragon case in November. That will bring the space station’s complete staff to 11 — probably the biggest group the ISS has at any point facilitated. Yet, that number will rapidly drop down to seven when four different space explorers hitch a ride home from the station on April 28.

NASA has gone through over 10 years attempting to help staffing on board the 21-year-old space station after the retirement of its Space Shuttle program in 2011 remaining Russia’s Soyuz space apparatus as the solitary alternative for getting space explorers to and from the ISS. The United States had been paying Russia as much as $90 million for every seat for those excursions.

For quite a long time, SpaceX worked under a $2.6 billion fixed-price contract to build up its Crew Dragon spacecraft under NASA’s Commercial Crew program, which without precedent for space office history gave over the undertaking of building and testing a group commendable space apparatus to the private area. SpaceX impacted the world forever last May with the first crewed launch of a Crew Dragon on a mission called Demo-2, which carried NASA astronauts Douglas Hurley and Robert Behnken to the ISS for a four-month stay. A second crewed SpaceX mission took off in November.

(Boeing (BA) is working under a comparable contract to build up its own container for the program, called Starliner, though it is still in the testing phase.)

A great focal point of the space explorers’ main goal will be to study “tissue chips,” or “small models of human organs containing multiple cell types that behave much the same as they do in the body” and that NASA expectations will propel the improvement of medications and immunizations, as indicated by the space agency. That work will expand on long periods of examining natural and other logical marvels on board the ISS, where the microgravity environment can give researchers a better fundamental understanding of how something works.

McArthur is a Space Shuttle veteran and is hitched to Behnken, who co-guided the noteworthy Demo-2 mission last May. McArthur told columnists throughout the end of the week that she had the option to get “years of experience” with the Crew Dragon vehicle as Behnken worked close by SpaceX during the Crew Dragon development process.

“I had several years, really, of learning from him along the way,” McArthur, who will pilot the Crew-2 mission and holds a doctorate in oceanography, said.

McArthur will be joined by NASA’s Kimbrough, a retired Army colonel and a veteran of two past ISS missions. Their crewmates, Japan’s Hoshide and France’s Pesquet, both have earlier spaceflight experience also.

Pesquet said he liked the opportunity to fly on board the repaired rocket supporter that helps lift the capsule into the deep darkness. The weathered hardware actually shrouded in ash from their earlier flights, permitted him and his crew mates to “draw our initials” on the vehicle.

“I don’t know if [the writing] is gonna stick, but I’ve found it really cool,” he said.

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Boeing Starliner crews will have an extended stay on the ISS due to SpaceX’s delay

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NASA said on Tuesday that it has decided to postpone the launch until at least late March because SpaceX’s upcoming crew rotation mission to the ISS would utilize a new Dragon spacecraft that won’t be ready by the initial February launch date.

For the two NASA astronauts who traveled to the ISS last June on Boeing’s troubled Starliner spacecraft, that means an even longer stay. On June 5, they took off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V on the first crewed mission of Starliner. They arrived at the ISS one day later for a stay that was only expected to last eight days.

NASA decided to be cautious and maintain Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams aboard the ISS while sending Starliner home without a crew due to issues with the spacecraft’s thrusters and helium leaks on its propulsion module.

In order for Williams and Wilmore to have a trip home, they will now be traveling on the SpaceX Crew Dragon Freedom, which traveled up to the ISS and docked in September, although with only two crew members on board rather than the customary four.

When Crew-10 arrived in late February, the mission’s goal was to take a trip home.

However, NASA confirmed that Crew-10 will not fly with its replacement crew until late March. This allows NASA and SpaceX time to prepare the new Dragon spacecraft, which has not yet been given a name, for the voyage. Early January is when it is anticipated to reach Florida.

“Fabrication, assembly, testing, and final integration of a new spacecraft is a painstaking endeavor that requires great attention to detail,” stated Steve Stich, the program manager for NASA’s Commercial Crew. “We appreciate the hard work by the SpaceX team to expand the Dragon fleet in support of our missions and the flexibility of the station program and expedition crews as we work together to complete the new capsule’s readiness for flight.”

It would be the fifth Dragon spacecraft with a crew. Its fleet of four current Dragon spacecraft has flown 15 times, sending 56 passengers to space, including two who were two-time fliers. The first crewed trip took place in May 2020. Each spacecraft’s name is chosen by the crew on its first flight.

According to NASA, teams considered using the other crew Dragon spacecraft that were available but decided that rescheduling Crew-10’s launch date was the best course of action.

JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut and mission specialist Takuya Onishi will undertake his second spaceflight, Roscosmos cosmonaut and mission specialist Kirill Peskov will make his first spaceflight, NASA astronaut and commander Anne McClain will make her second spaceflight, and NASA astronaut and pilot Nichole Ayers will become the first member of the 2021 astronaut candidate class to reach space.

Given that Crew-9 won’t be able to return home until a handover period following Crew-10’s arrival, Wilmore and Williams may have to spend nearly nine months aboard as a result of the delay.

Rotations aboard the ISS typically last six months.

It is unclear when and how Starliner will receive its final certification so that it can start trading off the regular ferry service with SpaceX, as NASA’s Commercial Crew Program aims to have two providers for U.S.-based rotation missions with SpaceX and Boeing. This is due to the Crew Flight Test mission’s incomplete launch.

According to the terms of its contract, Boeing must deliver six missions to the ISS before the space station’s service ends, which is presently scheduled for 2030.

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Ancient DNA Reveals When Humans and Neanderthals Interbred

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Neanderthals and humans likely mixed and mingled during a narrow time frame 45,000 years ago, scientists reported Thursday.

Researchers analyzed ancient genes to pinpoint the time period, which is slightly more recent than previous estimates for the mating.

Modern humans emerged in Africa hundreds of thousands of years ago and eventually spread to Europe, Asia, and beyond. Somewhere along the way, they met and mated with Neanderthals, leaving a lasting fingerprint on our genetic code.

Scientists don’t know exactly when or how the two groups entangled. But ancient bone fragments and genes are helping scientists figure that out.

“Genetic data from these samples really helps us paint a picture in more and more detail,” said study co-author Priya Moorjani at the University of California, Berkeley.

The research was published Thursday in the journals Science and Nature.

To pin down the timeline, researchers peeked at some of the oldest human genes from the skull of a woman, called Zlatý kůň or Golden Horse, named after a hill in the Czech Republic where it was found. They also examined bone fragments from an early human population in Ranis, Germany, about 140 miles (230 kilometers) away. They found snippets of Neanderthal DNA that placed the mating at around 45,000 years ago.

In a separate study, researchers tracked signs of Neanderthal DNA in our genetic code over 50,000 years. They found Neanderthal genes related to immunity and metabolism that may have helped early humans survive and thrive outside of Africa.

We still carry Neanderthals’ legacy in our DNA. Modern-day genetic quirks linked to skin color, hair color, and even nose shape can be traced back to our extinct former neighbors. And our genetic code also contains echoes from another group of extinct human cousins called Denisovans.

Future genetic studies can help scientists detangle exactly what—and who—we’re made of, said Rick Potts, director of the Smithsonian’s Human Origins program, who was not involved with the new research.

“Out of many really compelling areas of scientific investigation, one of them is: well, who are we?” Potts said.

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NASA postpones the next Artemis flights much more

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NASA has postponed the first crewed landing of the program until mid-2027, delaying the following two Artemis trips to the moon.

After identifying the primary cause of Orion heat shield erosion on the Artemis 1 mission two years ago, NASA leadership announced at a news conference on December 5 that they were postponing the Artemis 2 and 3 flights.

Artemis 2, which was originally planned to launch in September 2025, would now debut in April 2026 under the updated schedule. It will be the first crewed voyage of Orion to take four astronauts from the United States and Canada around the moon.

As a result, Artemis 3, which will use SpaceX’s Starship vehicle for the first crewed landing of the entire exploration effort, will be delayed. Originally scheduled for September 2026, that mission is now anticipated to occur in mid-2027.

Following an examination of Artemis 1’s heat shield deterioration, NASA changed that timeline. In October, agency representatives claimed to have identified the cause of the heat shield material’s release, but they did not elaborate on the cause or NASA’s plans to fix it.

NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy said the issue was related to Orion’s “skip” reentry, in which the capsule enters and exits the atmosphere to release energy. In the outer layers of the heat shield, more heat was retained than anticipated, resulting in trapped gases. “This caused internal pressure to build up and led to cracking and uneven shedding of that outer layer,”  she said.

This judgment was confirmed by an independent review panel after a thorough study. “There were a lot of links in the error chain that accumulated over time that led to our inability to predict this in ground tests,” stated Amit Kshatriya, deputy assistant administrator of NASA’s Moon to Mars Program Office. This included modifications to the shape of the material blocks and modifications to the manufacturing process of the heat shield material, known as Avcoat.

He said that in areas of the Avcoat material with the required greater permeability to let the gasses out, that was verified. “In those places, we did not witness in-flight cracking, and that was the key clue for us.”

NASA will alter the reentry profile, including shortening the skip phase of the reentry, rather than replacing the entire heat shield for the Artemis 2 mission. According to ground tests, those adjustments should be enough to prevent material from breaking off as a result of cracking.

The agency has been working on a number of other Orion issues while looking into the heat shield issue, such as a battery issue that was reported in January but was reportedly fixed, according to Kshatriya.

Despite an upcoming presidential transition that would probably rethink the entire Artemis design, agency chiefs said they made the decision immediately to prevent future delays. “We’re on a day-for-day slip. We had to make this decision,” Melroy stated. “If you’re waiting for a new admininstrator to be confirmed and a team to come up to speed on all this technical work we’ve all been tracking very closely, I think that would be actually far worse.”

Shortly after President-elect Donald Trump stated on December 4 that he would select Jared Isaacman to oversee the agency, NASA Administrator Bill Nelson claimed he spoke with Isaacman. He did, however, add that he and other authorities had a discussion prior to the meetings in which they confirmed the revised plan for Artemis 2 and 3. Melroy went on to say that NASA could have been consulted on the decision, but the incoming administration has not dispatched a transition team there.

Nelson, however, maintained that the present architecture was still the most effective way to send humans back to the moon in spite of the problems and delays, pointing out that even with the most recent postponement, NASA would still make a lunar landing before China’s projected 2030 lunar mission.

“Are they going to axe Artemis and insert Starship?” In reference to the impending Trump administration, Nelson stated. Only Orion is rated for human spaceflight outside of Earth’s orbit, he said. “I expect that this is going to continue.”

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