A metal transition lies at the core of the energy transition. Compared to their gas-powered counterparts, wind farms, solar panels, and electric cars require a lot more copper, zinc, and nickel. Additionally, they need additional rare earth elements—exotic metals with special qualities—which are necessary for the magnets used in devices like EV motors and wind turbines.

China now controls the majority of rare earth element processing, purifying around 60% of the world’s supply. The Biden administration has stated that the scenario presents challenges to national and economic security, as demand for these minerals is expected to soar.

In the United States and many other countries, large amounts of rare earth metals are currently sitting untapped. The problem is that they are combined with a ton of hazardous mining waste.

Phoenix Tailings is expanding a method for extracting elements from mining waste, such as nickel and rare earth metals. After collecting oxidized metal with water and recyclable solvents, the company heats a mixture of molten salt and applies electricity to the metal.

Co-founded by MIT alums, the business claims that its pilot production plant in Woburn, Massachusetts, is the only location in the world that produces rare earth metals without emitting carbon dioxide or hazardous byproducts. Phoenix Tailings now uses renewable energy contracts to offset the electricity used in the process.

By 2026, the company anticipates producing over 3,000 tons of the metals, which would have accounted for almost 7% of all U.S. output in the previous year.

Phoenix Tailings is now increasing the range of metals it can manufacture and moving forward with plans to construct a second manufacturing plant with help from the Department of Energy.

According to the founding team, which consists of Nick Myers, Anthony Balladon, and MIT graduates Tomás Villalón ’14 and Michelle Chao ’14, the work has global and geopolitical ramifications.

“Being able to make your own materials domestically means that you’re not at the behest of a foreign monopoly,” Villalón explains. “We’re focused on creating critical materials for the next generation of technologies. More broadly, we want to get these materials in ways that are sustainable in the long term.”

Addressing a worldwide issue

After enrolling in Course 3.091 (Introduction to Solid-State Chemistry) during his first year at MIT, Villalón developed an interest in chemistry and materials science. He had the opportunity to work at Boston Metal, another MIT startup that decarbonizes steel production on a large scale using an electrochemical technique, during his senior year. Villalón, a materials science and engineering major, began considering developing more environmentally friendly metallurgical techniques as a result of the event.

But Villalón didn’t take action until he happened to meet Myers at a Bible study in 2018.

When the subject of electricity came up, “We were discussing some of the major problems in the world when we came to the topic of electrification,” Villalón remembers. It turned into a debate about how the United States obtains its materials and how we ought to consider electrifying their manufacturing. After ten years of working there, I eventually thought, “Let’s go do something about it.” Nick concurred, but I assumed he was merely trying to boost his self-esteem. Then, in July, he called me at random and said, ‘I’ve got [$7,000]. When do we start?’”

The founders began testing novel methods for making rare earth metals after Villalón brought in Chao, a former MIT classmate and fellow materials science and engineering major, and Myers brought in Balladon, a former coworker.

According to Villalón, “We went back to the base principles, the thermodynamics I learned with MIT professors Antoine Allanore and Donald Sadoway, and understanding the kinetics of reactions,”  “Classes like Course 3.022 (Microstructural Evolution in Materials) and 3.07 (Introduction to Ceramics) were also really useful. I touched on every aspect I studied at MIT.”

The founders also participated in the U.S. National Science Foundation’s I-Corps program and were mentored by MIT’s Venture Mentoring Service (VMS). Sadoway advised the business.

The inventors constructed a prototype reactor in Villalón’s backyard after creating a preliminary version of their system design and purchasing an experimental amount of red sludge, a mining waste. In the end, the founders had a modest amount of product, but they had to quickly borrow the scientific tools necessary to identify it. It turned out to be pure iron and a trace amount of rare earth concentrate.

Today, Phoenix Tailings warms its combination to about 1,300 degrees Fahrenheit at its refinery in Woburn, where it incorporates mining waste that is rich in rare earth metals. Pure metal gathers on an electrode when an electric current is applied to the mixture. There is not much garbage left over after the operation.

Because rare earths require extremely high purities in comparison to metals manufactured traditionally, Villalón says, “the key for all of this isn’t just the chemistry, but how everything is linked together.” “As a result, you have to be thinking about the purity of your material the entire way through.”

Rare earths, nickel, magnesium, and other elements

When using renewable energy sources to generate power, Villalón claims the process is 100% carbon free, creates no harmful byproducts, and is cost-effective when compared to traditional manufacturing methods.

Neodymium and dysprosium, two rare earth elements crucial to magnets, are now produced for clients at the Woburn site. Consumers are utilizing the materials for defense applications, electric vehicles, and wind turbines.

Additionally, the business has been awarded two grants totaling over $2 million under the U.S. Department of Energy’s ARPA-E program. Its 2023 award funds the creation of a technology that employs carbonization and recycled carbon dioxide to extract nickel and magnesium from mining waste. Magnesium and nickel are both essential components for clean energy devices like batteries.

The company will use the most recent funding to modify its method so that it can generate iron from mining waste without emitting any harmful byproducts or emissions. Phoenix Tailings claims that it has an abundance of material to work with and that their technique is suitable with a broad range of ore types and waste materials: About 1.8 billion tons of garbage are produced annually in the United States as a result of the mining and processing of mineral ores.

Villalón says, “We want to take our knowledge from processing the rare earth metals and slowly move it into other segments,”  Here, “We simply have to refine some of these materials here. There’s no way we can’t. So, what does that look like from a regulatory perspective? How do we create approaches that are economical and environmentally compliant not just now, but 30 years from now?”

Austal will use the €40 million ($43 million) fundraising round that VELA, a French firm that was founded in November 2022, has completed to construct the largest sailing cargo trimaran in the world. The company’s goal is to offer a sustainable cargo service for goods including pharmaceuticals, industrial parts, medical equipment, and cosmetics that are transported across the Atlantic.

11th Hour Racing, Crédit Mutuel Impact, and BPI—the French Public Investment Bank—led the funding round. The corporation claims that the Franco-American partners are as committed to promoting more sustainable transportation as it is. They think the Trimaran design will also provide a quick fix, particularly for businesses who don’t want to keep their inventory “on the water” for transit.

With the help of Austal’s distinctive design and technology from offshore racing, VELA anticipates being able to operate entirely under sail and give a transit time of fewer than 15 days from loading to crossing the ocean and unloading. They argue that the same service takes at least 20 days for huge containerships. In addition, the trimaran’s cargo holds will be kept at a regulated temperature to guarantee “the safety and integrity of high-value-added transported goods.”

A vessel with dimensions of 220 feet (67 meters), an air draft of 200 feet (61 meters), and a width of 82 feet (25 meters) is required by the design. The aluminum hull will be constructed with Austal’s industry expertise. Carbon will be used for the masts.

In addition to two hydro-generators, the ship will include more than 3,230 square feet of solar panels. 51 shipping containers’ worth of cargo will fit inside it.

Austal, which is renowned for its proficiency in multihull and aluminum constructions, was chosen by VELA following an international tender in which over thirty shipyards took part, according to VELA, with assistance from BRS Shipbrokers. Austal’s experience will be advantageous to the first VELA Trimaran, which will also use the sailing systems of the offshore racing team MerConcept.

Austal Philippines will build the ship in Balamban, Cebu, and it is expected to be delivered in the second half of 2026. Furthermore, according to VELA, 30 percent of the construction will be completed by French firms, including rigging, sails, and hydro-generators, thereby enhancing the quality and expertise of the country’s sailing sector. The ship will have a French registration.

“Austal is excited to partner with VELA on this groundbreaking project. Our expertise in multihull design and aluminum shipbuilding, combined with VELA’s innovative vision, will create a revolutionary sailing cargo trimaran,” stated Paddy Gregg, CEO of Austal. “This vessel will set new speed, reliability, and sustainability standards for transatlantic shipping.”

The company claims that the funds from the latest round will enable VELA to formally begin construction of its first vessel. Additionally, they intend to use the funding to bolster their operations and sales teams in the US and France.

VELA intends to run between the east coast of the United States and the Atlantic coast of France. They anticipate starting operations in the second half of 2026, joining the increasing number of cargo ships powered by sail that French companies are launching for the Atlantic. At least four more ships are expected to be in operation by 2027 or 2028, according to VELA. Reaching one departure each week and increasing departure frequency are the objectives.

Perplexity AI Inc., an artificial intelligence startup developing a search engine to take on Google, is in early talks with investors to raise capital at a $9 billion valuation, according to a source familiar with the situation.

The insider, who wished to remain anonymous while discussing personal matters, stated that the corporation is looking to raise over $500 million in the investment round.

The company may increase its prior valuation of $3 billion from a capital round earlier this year, which includes the money the company would raise. It’s very early in the talks, so things might change or the conversation could break down. The business refused to comment.

The recent surge in Perplexity’s valuation is indicative of the keen interest of venture capitalists in supporting AI startups. As late as April of this year, the business had a $1 billion valuation. Large sums have also been raised by its competitors and colleagues, such as OpenAI, which earlier this month closed a $6.6 billion financing round at a valuation of $157 billion.

The source claimed that Perplexity’s most recent finance discussions happened as a result of investors reaching out to the business, not because the startup was looking to acquire further funds.

Apart from the commercial and free versions of its search tool, Perplexity provides various other services. It recently unveiled additional tools for searches connected to finance, such as stock prices and firm earnings data, and released a platform that enables businesses to search internal information in addition to the internet.

In addition, the business has started a number of revenue-sharing agreements with large publishers, while being accused of plagiarism by certain news organizations.

Among the company’s investors are Nvidia Corp. and Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon.com Inc. and a partner of SoftBank Group Corp.